๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด

GAGARoad

๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ด๋ก ) ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์ด๋ž€? Victor Turner, Dwight Conquergood, and Richard Schechner ๋ณธ๋ฌธ

๋น„ํ‰/Fall 2021 Intro to Performance Studies

๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ด๋ก ) ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์ด๋ž€? Victor Turner, Dwight Conquergood, and Richard Schechner

๊ฐ€๋กœ์ด 2021. 9. 14. 10:05

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™, ๊ณต์—ฐํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ทน์˜ํ™”๊ณผ ์†์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ทนํ•™์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 

1979๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ ์‰ํฌ๋„ˆ (Richard Schechner)๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ณต์—ฐํ•™๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ๋…ธ์Šค์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ์กฐ์ง€ํƒ€์šด ๋“ฑ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์—์„œ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. 

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?

'ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค', '๊ณต์—ฐ' ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ทน, ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ, ๋Œ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ show๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„“๊ฒŒ๋Š” '์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” (to perform) ํ–‰์œ„'๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด์š”. ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ทน, ์‹œ์œ„, ์ถ•์ œ, ์˜๋ก€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค (Performance of Everyday Life)์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™(Anthropology)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋ ์šฉ...๐Ÿ™ƒ

์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŽ˜์ดํผ๋“ค์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”, ๋จผ์ €!

Victor W. Turner (๋น…ํ† ๋ฅด ํ„ฐ๋„ˆ)์˜ <Betwix and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage> ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ(liminality)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—์š”. 

liminality, rites de passage, betwixt and between๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜, ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”/๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•œ neophytes(์ดˆ์‹ฌ์ž?)๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ(state)์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์ง€๋Š”, ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • (interstructural situation, a state of progressive movement)์„ ๋œปํ•ด์š”. (removed, secluded, darkened, hidden, without rank or insignia)

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ state(์ƒํƒœ)๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œก์ฒด์ ์ธ, ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ, ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์‚ฌํšŒ/๋ฌธํ™” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ(separation), ์—ฌ๋ฐฑ(margin), ์ง‘ํ•ฉ(aggreagation)์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š” transition ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์ฃ . ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„, rites de passage๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์ธ/๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ '์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค(motionless)', '๋ฌปํ˜”๋‹ค(buried)', naked, vulnerable ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด์š” (The metaphor of dissolution).

"During this period of transition between states symbolic themes characteristically concern death and decomposition."

๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž๊ถ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž, ์ผ์‹/์›”์‹, ๋ฌด๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ • ์†์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ (transitional being)์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ status/insignia๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— (not yet classified, un-structured, invisible) ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ (social reality)์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ณ„๊ธ‰, ์„ธ์†์  ์˜ท์ฐจ๋ฆผ, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์žฌ์‚ฐ, ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ androgyny (๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ) / sexlessness, ํƒœ์•„ (embryo), ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ • ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(reborn)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์—์š”. 

"Undoing, dissolution, decomposition are acoompanied by processes of growth, transforamtion, and the reformulation of old elements in new patterns."

ํ•™๋ถ€์—์„œ <The Square> ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  '๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„'(moratorium)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ๋‚˜๋„ค์š”. 

“The Square is a sanctuary of trust and caring. Within its boundaries we all share equal rights and obligations.” (The Square, 2017)

์˜ํ™” ์‹œ์ž‘์ง€์ ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด square๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ง€์–ด ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ '์ง€๋ถˆ ์œ ์˜ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์˜ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์š”. (์ €๋„ ๋ชจ๋ผํ† ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘...) '์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ์ •' ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด transformed ๋˜์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กด์žฌ(new achieved status)๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ๋“œ๋„ค์š”. 

์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ neophytes๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์†์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ elders/instructors๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ/๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์ด ๋•Œ ์ด ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ๋ณต์ข…์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์š”. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด neophytes๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€์›Œ์ ธ์„œ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด instructors๋“ค์ด elder, ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ผ ๋•Œ ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋œ ๊ถŒ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „ํ†ต ์†์—์„œ ์ž๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „์ œ๋˜๋Š” (self-evident authority of tradition) ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋…ธ์ธ๊ณต๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜/์ „ํ†ต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋‚ ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์†์—์„œ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ง๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”/์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๋””์–ธ Omaha ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์˜์‹์„ ๋“ค์–ด์š”. ์ด ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋…„์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ mixuga๋ผ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ์ • ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ๋˜์ ธ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ง€๊ฒŒ?๊ฐ™์€ burden-strap์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์š”. ๋…ธ์ธ๊ณต๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ ์ „ํ†ต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„์— ์ˆœ์ข…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ฃ . ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์…ฐํฌ๋„ˆ์˜ bemba ๋ถ€์กฑ ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด "growing a girl" ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค, ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์„ ์น˜๋ฃฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”. ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์˜์‹์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์„ ๋•Œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . (Ontological transformation, change in being) 

neophytes/transitional beings๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ณณ์—๋„, ์ €๊ณณ์—๋„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ณณ์—๋„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— (betwix and between) ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ธ์‹๋˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•„์š”. ์ด ๋•Œ neophytes๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์›์น™์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” (ritually polluting) ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ๋งŽ์€ ์›์‹œ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์žฅํ•ด์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ „์‹œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™๋˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ฃ . 

"Human body is a microcosm of the universe."

์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์„ sacra๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณผ์žฅํ•ด์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š” (frequent disproportion, monstrousness, mystery). Neophytes๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด nature์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” neophytes๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋˜ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.

์š”์•ฝํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ํ„ฐ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ก€(rituals)๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์€ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ทธ์ € ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ceremony์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•œ neophyte๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒช๋„๋ก ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. Ritual = transformative, Ceremony = confirmatory!

๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์‰ํฌ๋„ˆ (Richard Schechner)๋ฅผ ์ž ๊น ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”? 

๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์‰ํฌ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ Restored Behavior์„ ๊ผฝ์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ 'ํ•˜๋Š”' ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ (just doing) ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ์ด ๋‘˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด '์ „์Šน๋˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ž‘๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€'์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์—์š” (rearranged, reconstructed). ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ life๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ, '์ง„์‹ค(truth)'์ด๋‚˜ '์›์ฒœ(source)'๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์ฃ . ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ง„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ , ์•„์˜ˆ ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ด€๋„ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์œ„์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ restored behavior์€ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ "material", ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด์—์š”. ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ทน, ์ƒค๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด๋‚˜ ์—‘์†Œ์‹œ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์‹, ์ถค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ œ์Šค์ณ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์‹์€ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์š” (re-becoming). 

"The behavior is separate from those who are behaving. The behavior can be stored transmitted, manipulated, transformed." 

Restored behavior์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค (Restored behavior is "out there", distant from me)๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ  (replayed many times). ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ก€(baptism)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ด๋งˆ์— ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์ด ๋•Œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์˜์‹ ์†์—์„œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ด์ง€ ์ผ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. ์ด ๋•Œ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ œ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ ์•„๋Š” ์•„์ €์”จ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์˜๋ก€ ์†์—์„œ๋Š” Father๋กœ์„œ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋•Œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ด shared experience ์†์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์˜ํ•ด์•ผ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์•„๋ฌด ์•„๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  ์ด๋งˆ์— ๋ฌผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์šฉ... ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ, ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ , ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ์ œ์Šค์ณ์™€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ–‰์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” conventional process์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ! 

"Performance is "twice-behaved behavior. People, ancestors, and gods participated in simultaneously having been, being, and becoming." 

Restored behavior์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ด๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ท€์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š” (symbolic, reflexive). ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž์•„๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญํ• (๋“ค)์„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋˜, restored behavior์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์š”. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด restored behavior์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”. ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ฑ (Performativity)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ด(J.L. Austin)์€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋กœ ์ณ์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์…ฐํฌ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์—๋„ no๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ restored behavior์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด์š”. ์–ด๋–ค ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์…ฐํฌ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ "์„ ํƒ์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ (illusion of choice)"์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด์š”. ์˜๋ก€์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ณต์—ฐ์—๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ฃ . ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์Šต, ๋ฆฌํ—ˆ์„ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ‰ํฅ (rules of improvisation)์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ์˜ ํญ์„ ์ขํ˜€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—์š”. ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์•…๋ณด(score)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค, ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์™€ ์—ฐ์ถœ, ์Šคํƒญ์ง„๋“ค์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ํ–‰๋™์œผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” "ritual by contract", ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์…ฐํฌ๋„ˆ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—์š”. 

์•ž์—์„œ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์€ ์—ฐ๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์œ„์—์„œ์˜ aesthetic theatre ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ์ƒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์…ฐํฌ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณต์—ฐ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์ € ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด์š”. Restored Behavior์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ" ์ด๋‚˜ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ '๋‚ด ์˜†์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ' ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ", ํ˜น์€ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ" (Performing myself)๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์ด '๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ '๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋‚˜ (me in another state of feeling/being)' ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช…์˜ '๋‚˜'๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์•ˆ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ '๋‚˜'๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„, ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜๋„, ์–ด์ œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ๋Š” '๋‚˜'๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” (presentation of self)' ํ–‰์œ„์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์–ด๋น™ ๊ณ ํ”„๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ '๋‚˜'๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚ด ์•ˆ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๋Š” '๋‚˜'๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ '๋‚˜'์—์š”. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ '๋‚˜'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ '๋‚˜'๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ํŠน์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ collective behaviors, ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์š”. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์˜ค์ด๋””ํ‘ธ์Šค๋‚˜ ํ–„๋ฆฟ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์†์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์„ฑ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ž–์•„์š”? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์…ฐํฌ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ "a version of something" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜์ž๋ฉด Restored behavior์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ์ธ/๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. 

"Restored behavior offers to both individuals and groups the chance to rebecome what they once were - or even, and most often, to rebecome what they never were but wish to have been or wish to become." 

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋“œ์™€์ดํŠธ ์ปจ์ปค๊ตฟ (Dwight Conquergood)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ง€ํ•™์ž์˜ ํŽ˜์ดํผ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•  ๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ์“ด ๊ฑด์ง€์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ (ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ) ์•ˆ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ทธ... (๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”ใ…Žใ…Ž..) 

๋“œ์™€์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์งš์–ด์š”. '๋กœ์ปฌ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ž๋ณธ, ์ƒ์—…์˜ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆํ‹ฑํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด์š” (transnational circulation of images). ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” boundary๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฒฝ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ง‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. ์ด๋Ÿฐ border, ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŽ˜์ดํผ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด์š”. 

"what the map cuts up, the story cuts across"

์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž์ธ ๋ฏธ์…ธ ๋“œ ์…€๋ฅดํ†  (Michel de Certeau)๋Š” '์ง€๋„'๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ, '์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ'๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ์ง•์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค (transgressive travel)๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด์š”. ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ '์•ˆ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์Šต๋“์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  (knowing that, knowing about), ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ  (knowing how, knowing who). ๋„๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋Ÿฌ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ž๋ฅผ "view from above"๋กœ, ํ›„์ž๋ฅผ "view from a body"๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด์š”. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๋ช…ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐœํ™”๋Š” ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง€๊ณ , ์œ„์žฅ๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ง์ ‘์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€, ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์†์—์„œ ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ถฐ์ง„ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด์š”. ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€์‹์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ๋ฟ, ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . 

"Subjugated Knowledges have been erased because they are illegible; they exist, by and large, as active bodies of meaning, outside of books, eluding the forces of inscription that would make them legible, and thereby legitimate."

ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ๋ฏธ์…ธ  ํ‘ธ์ฝ” (Michel Foucault)๋Š” ์ •๋ณต๋œ ์ง€์‹, "subjugated knowledge"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ„๊ณ„ ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ local/regional (์ฐธ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๋„ค์š” ใ… ใ… ) ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ† ์ฐฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  (vernacular), ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ (naive) ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—์š”. ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜›๋‚  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜, ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์ œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์–ต์••ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์‹์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†์—์„œ ์ง€์›Œ์ ธ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด์š”. ํ•˜์ธต ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค (subordinate people)์€ ํŠน๊ถŒ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ, ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ „์Šน๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์€ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ œ์Šค์ณ๋‚˜ ํ†ค, ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ highly-educated๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋” ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  intelligentํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•ด์š”. ๋“œ์™€์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ฃ .

๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” control, displacement, threatening์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋ผ์š”. ์ผ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค (undocumented immigrants)๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ํ…์ŠคํŠธํ™”๋œ ์„œ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ผ์ฃ . ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ์‚ฌํšŒ, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€์›Œ์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”. (fetish of the archive where "text - a sad proxy for life - becomes all) ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‘ธ๋‚˜์กฑ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ "people with pencil", ํŽœ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„์ธต์€ 'ํŽœ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์š”. ์ด ํŽœ์ด ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ํŽœ์€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ •์น˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ํž˜์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . 

"Scholars need to move beyond this 'idea and ideology' of the text and of textuality as a mode of communicative practice which provides a model for all other forms of cognitive exchange and social interaction." 

ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ, ์–ต์••๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ณ„์ธต๋“ค์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”, ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฐ๋ฆญ ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค (Frederick Douglass)๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋Š” ํ‘์ธ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์š”. ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‚ ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ํ‘์ธ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜์„œ ๋‹ค ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ€๋†์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ—˜๋‚œํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์›”๊ธ‰๋‚ ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”. ์ด ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹คํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊นŠ์€ ์Šฌํ””๊ณผ ๋ฉœ๋ž‘๊ผด๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ™ฉํ™€๊ฐ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ž๋ฉด, ๋…ธ๋ž˜์˜ ์Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. (coperformative witnessing) 

"Knowledge is located, not transcendent. It must be engaged, not abstracted." 

๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์‹์— ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ด์š”. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํด๋ฆฌํฌ๋“œ ๊ธฐ์–ด์ธ (Clifford Geertz)๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋Š” ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ž…์žฅ์ธ๋ฐ, ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ ˆํŒŒํ† ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ (ensemble of texts)์ด ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์ฃ . ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๋” ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, "Politics was played, danced, and acted, as well as sung about, because words will never be enough to communicate its unsayable claims to truth.", ์ฆ‰, ๋ฐ˜์ฒด์ œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ •์น˜๋Š” ์ถค๊ณผ ๋†€์ด, ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ง„์‹ค์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. 

 ๊ธฐ์–ด์ธ ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์˜†์— ์„œ์„œ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ 'ํ…์ŠคํŠธ'๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํƒ€์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•™์ž์˜ '์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ง€ (will-to-know)'๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‚ผ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์กฐ๋ผ ๋‹ ํ—ˆ์Šคํ„ด (Zora Neal Hurston)์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ข…์†๋œ ํƒ€์ž์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜์ฃ . ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ , ์ฝํ˜€์ง€๊ณ , ๊ตํ™˜๋˜์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํƒ€์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ด€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ปจํŠธ๋กคํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์žฅํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์š”. ํƒ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ”๋ฐ ์•Œ๋ ค๊ณ ํ•ด...? ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ค„ ์•Œ๊ณ ? 

"He can read my writing but he sho' can't read my mind. I'll put this play toy in his hand, and he will seize it and go away. Then I'll say my say and sing my song." 

์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์€ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ธ๋ฐ, ์–ด๋”” ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณผํ…Œ๋ฉด ์ฝ์–ด๋ด~ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฝ๊ฝ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ๋†จ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒใ…Žใ…Ž ๋Œ€์ถฉ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ์ฒ™ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€์•„์•ผ์ง€~ ๋ฉ”๋กฑ~ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Š๋‚Œ? ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ (Textocentrism)์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ . ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ˜„๊ด€์— "NO TRESPASSING(์ถœ์ž…๊ธˆ์ง€)" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒป๋ง์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒป๋ง์„ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ˜„๊ด€์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ง‘์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ... ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋…”๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ถœ์ž…๊ธˆ์ง€ ํŒป๋ง์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌธ ์•ž์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“ค๋ฉฐ ํ•˜ํ•˜ํ˜ธํ˜ธ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”... ์›ƒํ”„๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆํ•œ ์ผ์ด... ใ…Žใ…Ž... ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒน์ณ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.

ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ "a work of imagination"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด์š”. ๋…ธ์Šค์›จ์Šคํ„ด๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ: artistry, analysis, activism. ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ , ๋ถ„์„์ , ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. ์ฆ‰, 1. ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”, doing์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์„ฑ์ทจ์™€ 2. ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š”, ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„ 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ˜•ํƒœ. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . (ํ—‰...) 

์š”์•ฝํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, practical knowledge (knowing how)์™€ proposition knowledge (knowing that), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  political savvy (knowing who, when, and where) ์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šคํ•™์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ! 

๊ธธ๊ณ  ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋„ค์š”. ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์†์— ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธธ ^^! 

 

์ด์ •๋ฆฌ:

ํ„ฐ๋„ˆ - Rituals์€ Ceremony์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ธ 'Liminality', 'Rites de passage'๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ด๋‹ค. 

์…ฐํฌ๋„ˆ - Performance๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •์ง“๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠน์ง•์€ Reformed Behavior์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ง„์‹ค/ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ „์Šน๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด '๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ'์„ ํ•ฉ์˜ ํ•˜์— ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜์‹์ด๋‹ค. 

์ปจ์ปค๊ตฟ - ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๋“ค์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†์—์„œ ์ง€์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 

Comments